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Social capital is important to study the work performance of employees in any field. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between social capital and work performance and to examine the effects of social capital on work performance. The data was collected from 105 respondents residing in the targeted population on the basis of convenience sampling. Sample was gathered from different hospitals of Sargodha. Basically, this study was descriptive in nature. Structured questionnaire was used that vigilantly taking into account all the suggestions gathered during pretesting. Hypotheses were consisted of variables; social networking-work performance, peer relations-work performance, interaction-work performance and teamwork- work performance. The results showed a positive association of work performance with social networking, interaction and teamwork. Peer relations were not found significantly associated with work performance.

This study examined Abbotabad Operation, a very significant in which Osama was captured and killed in Pakistan by the Americans. The gravity of the event blurred the question of violation of sovereignty and took trust deficit stricken Pak-US relation to its lowest ebb. It further strengthened the terrorist image of Pakistan. Osama & Al-Qaeda are the outcome of containment policy, block politics and strategic depth vision. Al-Qaeda basically is a reaction of American presence in holy land. Its main objective is to force the USA out from Muslim countries and install Islamic regime on the modal of initial Khilafat. Al-Qaeda was a partner with CIA and ISI against Russian invasion at first but became the worst enemy of the USA after Soviet withdrawn from Afghanistan. Westren countries are drastically threatened by the prospect of using WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction) by this organization in their countries. After American invasion in Afghanistan Al-Qaeda was forced to flee and take resort in Pakistan. Many of its principal leadership were captured from Pakistan but the hunting of the most wanted man from its soil further deteriorated mutual relations of Pakistan and the USA.

Pakistan and China enjoy a multi-dimensional friendship that has passed the test of international vicissitudes. Both sides never disturb their friendly ties despite changes on regional and global environment. Since 1980s, China’s foreign relations have become economy-centric and it has launched major economic and social reforms to modernize the country. Its economy enjoyed sustained and rapid development. The GNP increased at the rate of 9.9 percent annually from 1975 to 1995, and income of urban and rural population raised and touched the figure of 6.3 percent. This growing economy has made China an economic power of the world. Pakistan needs to take benefit of its time-tested friendship, which is not yielding desired results in economic field. In Pakistan, there is need of commitment with vigorous efforts to move on the path of economic reforms. With Chinese support, Pakistan has completed many projects while several are underway. There are still several areas, which want the attention of both sides urging mutual attempts to get benefits. New avenues of cooperation should be explored with a view to constantly expand the scope of economic development and laying solid foundation for closer bilateral ties. The paper is aimed to highlight those areas where more Chinese cooperation and assistance are required with discussion on the impediments that need to be addressed with proactive and supportive policies.

Cultures that come into being, in response to colonial domination by foreign powers, produce literatures that deal with the experience of colonialism. A piece of literature, if written by the colonialist writer, tends to project the colonialist ideology of superiority espoused by colonialists. However, if the writer belongs to the subject race, it either resists or reinforces the ideology of the superiority of the dominant race and culture. The present study is intended to investigate the portrayal of the impact of colonialist culture upon the native culture and identity, in the form of mimicry, hybridity and the ultimate rejection of the colonialist ideology was and culture by the subject race .The study also wanted to show that Ahmad Ali in Twilight in Delhi has portrayed the British as oppressors and has shown that the Indians resisted the colonialist ideology of superiority of the British. The study based upon the analysis of the text in the light of Postcolonial critical theory. The study found that Ali presented the resistance of the Indians to the colonialist ideology of superiority and he also portrayed the anti-colonialist ideology of the Indians and celebrated the ancient Indian civilization and culture. The study found that colonialism leaves its residual impact upon the culture and identity of the subject race.

This paper is an effort to get an insight into the course of events, occurred during the seventies in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. It also explores the fact that it was not the grand design of the Soviet Union (USSR) to reach the warm waters, a much propagated theory by the western scholars, but actually it was the grand design of the United States to compel the USSR to enter into Afghanistan and to defeat it decisively to end the Cold War. The United States chose Afghanistan as a ‘battlefield’ and Islamic ideology of ‘Jehad’ (the Holy War) to counter Communism. It planned to mobilize the Islamic fundamentalist factions in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union with the help of Pakistan and Iran. The US needed ‘friendly’ and ‘religious minded’ rulers in Pakistan and Iran for the implementation of its plan so that they could support the religious factions of Afghanistan. The then governments in Pakistan and Iran could not have the right ability to serve the purpose. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the Shah of Iran were though still ‘friendly’ but not ‘religious-minded’ in nature. The change in governments, both in Pakistan and Iran, was must for the implementation of US plan in Afghanistan. The latter developments in the region prove that the US took every possible step in this regard and ended the Cold War by defeating the Soviet Union decisively. That's why, the writer does believe that the Soviet move into the Afghanistan in 1979 was not offensive but it was defensive in its nature.

In this paper the research scholar has tried to focus the irregularity in spellings and pronunciation of English language, which pose a lot of problems for the learners of this all around the world. A comparative analysis of Urdu and American English in the historical perspective has been presented to highlight discrepancies that pose serious hurdles for the new learners. Spelling reform in the realm of English language is the dire need of the hour. English language has been renewing itself by shedding off old forms in spelling and pronunciation over the last couple of centuries and adopting new ones. The fashionable idea of spelling reform is becoming a dominant tendency of the present age but efforts in this regard remain scattered. It is impossible to change spellings of words and even it is done it looks like an impossible project to implement it successfully.

Air Pollution is one of the main problems of urban area of our society. Air pollution occurs when so many contaminants are released by the industries and motor vehicles. Karachi is one of the top 10 cities of the world which has the highest level of pollutants packed into the air. Air pollution is affecting the health of common men. People often suffer in respiratory diseases like asthma, lungs diseases and cancer etc. It has become a serious health hazard for Karachiites. In the present research paper, the researcher has tried to explore causes of air pollution and its effects on human health. It has been observed that the number of private vehicles is increasing day-by-day due to lack of good public transport facilities. The roads are not broad enough to allow this big number of vehicles run comfortably. In near future there is no hope for extension of roads so on the basis of findings some recommendations are made, and by implementations of those the effects of air pollution can be minimized. But sincerity and commitment is required for it.

Current paper analyses the formation, contribution and importance of Punjab Peasant Movement in social and political sectors of the province. The internal and external constraints in the development of the Peasant Movement have been examined. In this regard the challenges to the Movement in the form of actions of governments, religious leaders and the local Zamindars who acted to create hurdles in the development of the Movement need to be explored. The paper thus marks how the affiliations of the peasants with the Movement that could contribute to its success were wasted because the weak leadership could not transform it into highly result oriented struggle, as initially envisaged by the founders of the movement. The incapability of the leadership in respect of the organization of the Movement was also examined. Current study is exploratory and descriptive in nature, where the conclusions have been drawn on the basis of interviews conducted with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and the relevant literature has been reviewed for the purpose.

Book Review

Book Review: Social Work education in countries of the East: Issues and Challenges