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The paper examines that lack of legislative support, interest and infrastructural revival left FATA and Frontiers Region far behind the rest of Pakistan in economic, social and political terms. It may be negligence coincidence with the hard facts of region such as conflict in Afghanistan that made FATA and Frontiers Region ideal breeding grounds for extremism and radicalism. The importance can be judged from the fact that owing to present deteriorating law and order scenario in KP and FATA, whole Pakistan’s milieu has become a sheer victim of the essential fallouts. As a result of the breeding grounds of terrorism and radicalism, the economy of the country reached to the lowest ebb. Foreign exchange reserves remained alarmingly at the low level. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is substantially low in history of the country. Terrorism, fundamentalism, sectarianism and extremism have become order of the day. Private investor is in limbo and is looking for new horizons for his investment abroad such as Middle East, Sri Lanka or Bangladesh. Kalashnikov culture has become prominent and extortionists are wandering as the free birds in the mainland. Accordingly, causes of extremism need to be analyzed with their essential impacts upon the national security of Pakistan at this critical juncture.

Sex status assumes an imperative part in deciding different parts which are performed by particular gender in specific social orders. Because of patriarchal nature of Pakistani society, gender inequality has been seen at wide level. Hence, women have turned into the minimized section of this patriarchal society. Unfortunately, this fragment is more than fifty percent of the aggregate populace of Pakistan. Among this substantial populace, a few women populace can get chance to work but unfortunately these working ladies can't work with their maximum capacity for various constraints extended from family to society. In brief, women having occupation needs to persuade his family that she won't do anything which may hurt the families' appreciation and respect in the public arena. Alongside, she needs to adjust her family and profession in the meantime. In the light of these realities, the motivation behind the study is to investigate the imperviousness to working women at different levels. Using structured questionnaire, information was gathered from two hundred (200) working women serving public and private organizations of district Bhakkar and Mianwali. For dissecting information, OLS model is used and connected direct relapse to test the theory made by the scientist. The findings of the study are that working women are more marginalized in rural localities and conservative values are among core factors of constraints. Besides, women working in public organizations are facing less constraints comparing to those women working in private sector. Moreover, this research study concludes that working women are facing constraints of various magnitudes extending from family life to social surroundings. Hence, it is recommended that endeavors ought to be made at different levels including administrative and nearby levels. Then, it is dire need to create better opportunities for women in professions so that they are motivated for doing jobs.

This paper investigates the ideology or the mindset that operates behind the practices of social institutions in Steinbeck’s short fiction Breakfast. Steinbeck’s political poetics suggests that ideologies are always a manmade phenomenon but they are, universalised, legitimised and naturalised through social agencies, social organizations and social institutions. In the story under analysis, he describes the role of religion, family, traditions, sacrifice and rural simplicity that let the present oppressive system go on. These social agencies first routinise the exploitative ideological practices and then interpellate the social subjects to accept the common experiences as natural phenomenon. Being a political writer, he produces some gaps in the ruling ideologies. The readers are astonished to observe these irregularities in the text that the hegemonic hierarchies try to smooth over. He is an expert artist in using the philosophy of dialectics in his art. The dynamic conflicts in a piece of literature have a lot weightage to enlist the reader. Consequently, the reader sees through the ideologised face of social realities and makes up his mind to wage a war, in his own way, against the hierarchical hegemonies that justify the oppression and exploitation of the weak by the authorised. Althusser’s concept of ideologies that he presented in his essay Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses is selected to inform the study as a theoretical framework.

Usefulness and Liking are main considerations for learning any subject in academic settings. English being official language and saleable skill in Pakistan is considered very useful. People in Pakistan also like to study English as it is the language of the elite class in Pakistan. The study intended to explore the perceptions of usefulness and liking of students of English language at University of Sargodha, Pakistan. A purposefully developed questionnaire was used to collect data from 185 bachelor level students from the departments of English and Education. It is concluded that the university students in Pakistan consider English language useful for them and they have also developed liking for it.