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The present study aimed at studying the relationship between psychological resilience, self esteem and delinquent tendencies among orphan and non orphan adolescents. The sample consisted of 42 orphan adolescents including boys (n=30) and girls (n=12) from orphan institutions of Sargodha city and 42 non orphan adolescents including boys (n=30) and girls (n=12) from School of Sargodha, selected through purposive sampling. Age range of adolescents was from 12 to 19 years (M=15.5, SD= 2.16). Resilience Scale (Batool, 2012), Self Reported Delinquency Scale (Naqvi & Kamal, 2008) and Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Sardar, 1998) were used to asses psychological resilience, delinquent tendencies and self esteem respectively. Results of correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between self esteem and delinquent tendencies whereas, a significant positive correlation between self esteem and resilience. T-test analysis revealed significantly high level of resilience in orphans as compared to non orphan adolescents however non-orphans were found to have more delinquent tendencies than orphan adolescents. These results are helpful for academicians and psychologist to sort out and deal the problems of orphan and non-orphan adolescents and to take preventive measures to solve their problems regarding high level of delinquent tendencies and low level of resilience.

Riparian relations are emerging as one of the most difficult aspects of inter-state relations in the 21st century. The Indian sub-continent is also emerging as a flashpoint for water-related issues between nations. Due to the reluctance of the nations of South Asia to incorporate the Espoo (EIA) Convention that sets out the obligations of Parties to assess the environmental impact of projects completed or initiated, there is possibility of freshwater related issue spiralling into serious inter-state contention. In this context, this article is an attempt to take stock of the direction of riparian relations between India and Pakistan, to comprehend the nature of water issues between these two states which share the Indus River Water system, with an intention to examine whether the conflict-cooperation dichotomy of the inter-state water debate adequately explains the riparian relations of these two nations.

The research paper is an attempt to provide a national picture of commercial sexual exploitation of women and children in Pakistan. This growing phenomenon has been studied in the light of ‘demand and supply’ principal. Supply, demand and impunity, together, create a space in which trafficking can flourish. The study documents the magnitude, incidence and consequences of women and children engaged in beggary and sex business. The role of poverty and mindset which forces the women and children in the particular business has been addressed. The poverty is the lack of ability to earn and satisfy one’s basic minimum needs to keep body and soul together. When the community and the state fail to provide basic needs, the trend of begging increases and attains an organized way of income generation. The study also reviews what is known about the causes and associated risks and protective factors. Its focus is on preventive strategies, in particular through the identification of best practices in prevention, including those designed by the victims themselves. This study also reveals the role of religion, society and neighborhood in promoting begging as a business which ultimately leads to human trafficking and sexual exploitation. Furthermore, the study describes the evidence demonstrating which interventions work, which are promising, and which have been shown to be ineffective.

The Civilization and libraries came into being in Egypt and Mesopotamia for the first time in the history of the mankind. The libraries have always played an important role in helping humans to meet their basic needs for survival and self realization. Hence the libraries were established in each and every part of the civilized world since remotest past. In this paper an attempt has been made to give a brief account regarding the emergence of the libraries in Egypt. Many libraries have been discovered in Egypt especially the libraries of Edfu and Remises-II.

In the research paper positive discrimination with female elementary teachers has been idiosyncratically analyzed. To widen employment opportunity as well as to positively discriminate females in Punjab, Pakistan, female teachers have been inducted in male schools where only male teachers were teaching to male students. The process of including females in male schools definitely is an encouragement but it is more interesting to investigate to what extent male teachers and heads allow them to work more autonomously within co-staffed schools. The study intends to identify the gaps if exist and need to fill them to discriminate positively with newly inducted female teaching staff in public schools. Data were collected through questionnaires using convenient sampling technique from 118 female teachers inducted in public schools located in Punjab, Pakistan. Factors upon which the gaps were identified included time-suppleness, workload, appreciations, value opinion, favorable policy, male behavioral dominance, female confinement, affections to children, privileges prearranged. The result of the study suggests that notwithstanding inducting women in male elementary schools is encouraging movement but still gaps exists which need to be filled to discriminate female teachers positively.

This paper aims to discuss the impact of training courses on practicing teachers' educational beliefs and aspirations. It is believed that this is a somehow neglected area of English language teacher education where in most cases courses put an emphasis on the technical delivery of a number of skills and they do not devote time to discussing values which underlie practice. As a result; it may happen that teachers do not fully accept new philosophies and change because these may be contradictory to their existing value systems. Besides discussing ‘teachers’ education and training institutions in Pakistan, first, the concept of educational change will be discussed. This is followed by the presentation of a research project which was carried out to examine the effects of training on Pakistani ELT teachers' values. Finally, the paper will offer some suggestions on how value training should be implemented in the course of teacher education and teachers’ training workshops can be made fruitful in achieving set objectives.

Corruption is not only the cause or effect of poor leadership; there are many other social factors which gauge the performance of a leader. The prime objective of the research was to know the people’s perception about causes and impact of poor leadership. Several variables like age, education, gender and some intervening variables (leader’s behavior about subordinates, level of knowledge, leadership qualities and influence of political family culture) were also analyzed in search of the study objectives. The sample size of present research was 150 respondents. A stratified random sampling design was used for the selection of respondents. The questionnaire instrument was used to collect data and Pre-testing was carried out. The collected data was analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).

After gaining independence in 1991, Uzbekistan faced a plethora of issues and challenges. One such challenge was in the sphere of culture. It was realized that the need of the hour was to relook at Uzbekistan’s history, because, there is no future without knowing the past. The Year 1991, along with political independence, brought cultural and religious freedom to the Uzbek people and liberated them from the repressive Soviet past. Fundamental changes in society made a great impact on hearts and minds of people and gave a powerful impetus to rebirth of religious, moral, ethic and cultural values of the nation. In order to fully comprehend a nation’s self identity, one has to restore the broken links between generations by applying to the past and the history of the soil. The fibre of society is knit by the evaluation of various aspects of life that includes the daily colour of human activity. The socio-religious conditions of a society depict its cultural, religious and historical affiliations. The main objective of the paper is to highlight and traverse of the rebirth and revival of pre-soviet socio-religious and cultural ethos and life pattern in the post-soviet Uzbek society. The paper is conceptual and based upon the secondary sources.

This study has been conducted to assess the bi-directional relationship of economic growth and inflation so that beyond theoretical concept inflation could be treated for policy implication. Time Series data pertaining to 1971 to 2005 for analysis purposes was applied to estimate the objective oriented results. Both the series were found to be stationary at first difference for all the considered period on the basis of ADF test and Phillip Parron test. The estimated Error Correction Model (ECM) has shown no exact relationship in the short as well as in the long run. Undoubtedly the three periodical segments showed different pattern of relationship because of independency of relationship under every considered segment of time beyond theory and concept. So there existed a positive shock to the system which resulted in adjustment in opposite direction. These results were supporting the idea that the system revealed no relationship between inflation and economic growth under the environment created by the economic, social and political policies of the country. The optimal inflation rate for Pakistan under the introduced economic environment was 8 percent or 9 percent which would be positively contributing to economic growth.

Book Review: Rohan Gunaratna and Khuram Iqbal, Pakistan: Terrorism Ground Zero London, Reaktion Books, 33-Great Sutton Street, 2011. Price: UK £19.75/ US $29.