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Jawaharlal Nehru was the architecture of modern India after its independence in 1947.Apart from handling the domestic situation, Nehru’s major contribution lies in the area of external relations as he kept foreign affairs under his strict control over seventeen years and made all the major foreign policy decisions himself merely getting consultation from his advisers and aides. Constructing the conceptual frame work of foreign policy, Nehru abrogated to himself the role of the sole arbiter of Indian foreign policy. His policies were characterized by ideological perspective including Panchsheel, nonalignment, colonialism and racism. Formulating the foreign policy, Nehru not only considered the other states’ foreign policies but also observed the trends in contemporary world politics. These two traditionally discrete realms known as inter-domestic politics increasingly influenced the Indian foreign policy jointly highlighting the need for the leader to integrate his domestic and foreign policies. All activities occurring beyond India’s borders structured the choices of Nehru’s policymaking. He wanted India to have an identity without overt commitment to either power bloc; the USA and the Soviet Union. The paper is to analyze the internationalist approach of Nehru in foreign policy-making, which led him to find solution in non-alignment and Punjsheel. Despite these peaceful looking policy, the question is Indian clash with its neighbors; Pakistan over Kashmir and China over the border. Keeping in view, these two opposite direction, Nehru’s foreign policy has been analyzed discussing different issues and occasions.

This study was conducted with a key purpose to examine the significant relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement of urban and rural students in University of the Punjab. Three hundred and forty (340) students were selected, 170 urban and 170 rural students from the mainly four faculties of University of the Punjab by the random sampling. In this study, hypotheses were formulated. t-test was used to analyze the difference between academic achievement and in emotional intelligence of urban and rural students. Regression test was used to check the relation between emotional intelligence and academic achievement of the urban and rural students. The results showed that there was significant difference of academic achievement of urban and rural students on contrary, insignificant difference of academic achievement of urban and rural students. There was no significant relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement of urban and rural students in University of the Punjab.

Effectiveness of the instruments and strategies for child welfare in Pakistan has been a big challenge in the face of robust and rampant child abuse in the country. How far these instruments and strategies addressed the situation has been an un-answered question of the first two decades of new millennium. This question has been answered through the analysis of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).The main objective of this study was to evaluate child welfare in terms of Pakistan’s achievement in MDG2&4(child-related MDGs) and also in comparison with its neighboring countries like India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Being a literature-based study multiple sources of secondary data were accessed through their websites. The analysis leads us to the fact that child welfare in Pakistan is residual in nature. To double-check the results of the analysis made through locally constructed indices, the findings were triangulated by the In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) of 30 welfare personnel of the country as well as by Child Development Index (CDI), a child-related UN index.

In Islamic gallery, there were some valued inscriptions displayed in a corner at museum Lahore. The inscription attributed to the saint Pir Balkhi buried in the Kashmiri bazar but recorded in Lahore museum which was apprised the said inscription received from tomb of saint Salahuddin’s at kaithal in District Karnal at India. The calligraphy of the inscription was represented 400 years of Monumental Calligraphy. The script was a specific nature of monumental suls.

The article mainly deals with the perception and experiences of the infertile women. It highlights social consequences that arise due to their childlessness and reproductive failure. Data for this study comes from anthropological research tools primarily participant observation and in-depth interviews which were conducted with sixteen married infertile women in a village Choha Shah Ghareeb in Tehsil Hassan Abdal, District Attock. This anthropological study explains how infertility is perceived in a culture where motherhood is considered the most conventional way for married women to prove their worth by providing children which is highly valued for the establishment and continuation of the family. It also highlights how religious beliefs and fear of social stigma shape their perception of progeny and persuade them to adopt various strategies to fulfill their desires of having children. In short, this paper critically examines the construction of motherhood as a cultural category.

Punjab possesses unmatchable prowess that it demonstrated throughout its history. The British witnessed a vigorous resistence from the leftists till the collapse of their Raj in 1947. Leftists immensely contributed to the national politics by participating in the political activities at bottom level and prepared the masses to register their protest against exploitation. Human rights and humanity expounded by universal ethics don’t concede laws and moves against the violation of the basic rights. Masses constitute major portion of any society therefore the majority can not be deprived of their basic rights. Leaders of different political parties, Congress, Muslim League, Unionist Party, and other social organizations of the Punjab played significant role in the intellectual fabrication but the contribution of the leftists in spreading prowess and determination among the masses is praiseworthy. They worked hard for pursuit of life and infused the sense of integrity and revolutionary ideas in the west Punjab after 1947. Leftists faced unremitting hurdles as the rightists had dominated in the social especially the political domains. Nevertheless, the committed activists of the left wing organizations made their utmost endeavours to bring a revolutionary change in the social circles of the newly established country. This article deals with the efforts made by the communist and socialist activists for awakening the masses and providing them a platform which could raise voice for their due rights.The modern socialistic philosophy is based on Marx’s review of the capitalistic economy and his own ideas on class struggle and surplus value. It aimed to eradicate the exploiting powers and capitalistic class through a revolution and to ensure a classless society. Several socialist thinkers including Lenin revised his theories after his death keeping new trends in mind.

Book review: Zahid Hussain, The Scorpion's Tail: The Relentless Rise of Islamic Militants in Pakistan-And How It Threatens America, Free Press New York, 2010. Price: US $15